Peruvian Racket-tail Hummingbird Species

The Peruvian Racket-tail (Ocreatus underwoodii) is a medium-sized hummingbird found exclusively in Peru. With an average body length of 11-12 cm and weight of 6-8 grams, it is distinguished by its vibrant green plumage, long tail feathers, and distinctive racket-shaped outer tail feathers.

Range and Habitat

The Peruvian racket-tail is endemic to Peru, confined to the west Andean slopes and adjacent lowlands. Its range extends from the region of Tumbes in northern Peru to the Tacna region in the south, at elevations between 1000-3000 meters.

The species inhabits semi-arid scrub, tropical deciduous forest, edges of humid forest, and secondary growth. It can also be found in gardens and agricultural areas. The racket-tail prefers drier areas and is absent from rainforests.

Description

The adult male Peruvian racket-tail has bright metallic green upperparts and white underparts. The chin and throat are glittering green while the undertail coverts are white with green spots. The tail is long and forked. The outer tail feathers are unique paddle-shaped ‘rackets’ that give the species its name. These elongated racket feathers can measure up to 10 cm in length.

Females are similar but have slightly shorter outer tail feathers, a bit less vibrant green plumage, and more white on the belly. Immature birds resemble adult females but have shorter tails.

Diet and Feeding

Like all hummingbirds, the Peruvian racket-tail feeds on nectar from flowers using its specialized long bill and extended tubular tongue. It favors flowers with more dilute nectar, included introduced species like eucalyptus and nicotiana. The racket-tail will also hawk small insects to meet its nutritional needs. It prefers to feed in the mid-canopy area rather than at lower or higher levels.

Behavior and Breeding

The Peruvian racket-tail is pugnacious in defending flowering plants as feeding territories. Males will establish and aggressively defend territories during the breeding season. Their aerial displays and chases are accompanied by persistent loud chipping notes.

The breeding season aligns with the wet season from December to April in Peru. Males court females with aerial displays, hovering in front of potential mates. The tiny cup-shaped nest is constructed using plant fibers and moss on a branch or vine. The female incubates the two white eggs for 15-19 days until they hatch. She cares for the chicks alone.

Threats and Conservation

While still relatively common across its range in Peru, the Peruvian racket-tail faces some threats from habitat loss and degradation. Deforestation for agriculture, grazing, and mining activities have reduced its arid forest habitat. It is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and drought.

The racket-tail is designated as a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN Red List. But habitat protection and responsible ecotourism practices are still important for its long-term conservation. Several protected areas have been established within its range. Further research on population numbers and habitat needs are warranted.

In summary, the Peruvian racket-tail is a unique and flashy hummingbird endemic to the arid slopes of Peru. Its specialized paddle-shaped tail feathers and energetic territorial displays make it a standout among Andean hummingbirds. Maintaining suitable dry forest and scrub habitat across its limited range is crucial for ensuring the persistence of this species into the future. With appropriate conservation measures, bird enthusiasts can continue to enjoy sightings of this charismatic hummingbird.