In this article, readers will learn about the three types of garter snakes found in Alberta. While many people may mistakenly assume that all garter snakes look the same, this article highlights the distinct characteristics and behaviors of each species. From the Red-sided Garter Snake, with its dark green or black coloration and vibrant red or orange bars, to the Terrestrial Garter Snake, which can be difficult to identify due to its widely variable coloration, and finally the Plains Garter Snake, known for its gray-green color with a distinctive orange stripe down the back, readers will gain a deeper understanding of these fascinating reptiles. Additionally, the article shares insight into their preferred habitats, diet, and unique traits, making it a must-read for anyone interested in the garter snakes of Alberta.
Red-sided Garter Snake Thamnophis proximus parietalis
Identifying Characteristics
The Red-sided Garter Snake, also known as Thamnophis proximus parietalis, is typically dark green to black in color, although the color can vary. One distinguishing characteristic is the presence of three yellow stripes, with one running down the back and one down each side. As its name suggests, this species also has red or orange bars along its sides, situated between the yellow stripes.
Habitat and Behavior
Red-sided Garter Snakes are habitat generalists and can be found in various locations throughout Alberta, including forests, shrublands, wetlands, fields, and rocky areas. They are known to consume a variety of prey, including frogs, earthworms, and leeches.
One interesting behavior of the Red-sided Garter Snake is their “mating frenzies” that occur in areas where there is a shortage of female snakes. During these frenzies, dozens and dozens of male snakes can be found together, competing for the limited number of females.
Mating Behaviors
During the mating season, male Red-sided Garter Snakes engage in a courtship ritual where they use pheromones to attract females. The males will also engage in combat with each other to establish dominance and win the right to mate with a female.
Hibernation Patterns
To survive the colder months, Red-sided Garter Snakes must hibernate below the frost line. However, finding suitable hibernation dens can be challenging. In some cases, a few adequate dens can shelter hundreds, or even thousands, of snakes. This clustering of snakes during hibernation can be quite remarkable to see.
Terrestrial Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans
Identifying Characteristics
The Terrestrial Garter Snake, scientifically known as Thamnophis elegans, can range in length from 46 to 104 centimeters. Most adults have three yellow, light orange, or white stripes, with one running down their back and two down their sides. However, the coloration of this species can vary widely, making identification challenging.
Habitat and Behavior
Terrestrial Garter Snakes are found in various habitats, including grasslands, forests, and even mountainous areas up to 4,000 meters above sea level. Despite their name suggesting a primarily land-dwelling nature, these snakes are capable swimmers.
Swimming Abilities
While most garter snakes are known for their ability to swim, the Terrestrial Garter Snake has particularly strong swimming skills. This allows them to navigate through bodies of water with ease, making them versatile in their choice of habitats.
Prey and Venomous Saliva
Terrestrial Garter Snakes primarily feed on a variety of prey, including small amphibians, insects, and worms. Unlike other garter snake species, they possess mildly venomous saliva. While their bites on humans typically only cause pain and swelling, the venom in their saliva can cause muscle infections or kill muscle tissue in certain cases.
Plains Garter Snake Thamnophis radix
Identifying Characteristics
The Plains Garter Snake, known scientifically as Thamnophis radix, is characterized by its average length of 91 centimeters. It has a gray-green coloration, with a distinct orange stripe running down its back and a greenish-yellow stripe down each side. Notably, there are also light yellow spots on the top of its head.
Habitat and Behavior
Plains Garter Snakes are commonly found in southern Alberta, particularly in prairies and grasslands near freshwater sources. They are known for their adaptability to human-modified landscapes and can often be spotted near abandoned buildings, trash heaps, or vacant lots.
Adaptability and Cold Tolerance
The Plains Garter Snake is considered to be one of the most cold-tolerant snake species. They are capable of coming out of hibernation on warmer winter days, showcasing their ability to survive in harsh conditions.
Diet and Prey
The primary diet of Plains Garter Snakes consists of earthworms, slugs, and small amphibians. However, they have also been observed preying on small mammals and birds, including species such as the Eastern Meadowlark and Bank Swallow.
In conclusion, Alberta is home to three distinct species of garter snakes, each with its own identifying characteristics, habitat preferences, and behaviors. The Red-sided Garter Snake, Terrestrial Garter Snake, and Plains Garter Snake each contribute to the biodiversity of the region and showcase the adaptability and unique traits of these fascinating reptiles.
